Their first child, Léopold (born in 1823), died in infancy. As the siege continued, and food became ever more scarce, he wrote in his diary that he was reduced to "eating the unknown". He married Adèle in 1822, after his mother's death in 1821. Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, statesman and human rights activist.He played an important part in the Romantic movement in France.. Hugo first became famous in France because of his poetry, as well as his novels and his plays. It was only after Napoleon III fell from power and the Third Republic was proclaimed that Hugo finally returned to his homeland in 1870, where he was promptly elected to the National Assembly and the Senate. In a speech delivered on 18 May 1879, during a banquet to celebrate the abolition of slavery, in the presence of the French abolitionist writer and parliamentarian Victor Schulcher, Hugo declared that the Mediterranean Sea formed a natural divide between " ultimate civilisation and […] utter barbarism," adding "God offers Africa to Europe, Take it," to civilise its indigenous inhabitants. Son frère Eugène Hugo meurt à l'âge de 37 ans le 20 février 1837 à l'Hôpital Esquirol de Saint-Maurice (Val-de-Marne). It is reported that Hugo often drew with his left hand or without looking at the page, or during Spiritist séances, to access his unconscious mind, a concept only later popularised by Sigmund Freud. Between 1829 and 1840, he published five more volumes of poetry (Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; and Les Rayons et les Ombres, 1840), cementing his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and lyric poets of his time. Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism serving in politics as both deputy and senator. 1798) a Eugéne Hugo (nar. Claude Gueux, a documentary short story about a real-life murderer who had been executed in France, appeared in 1834 and was later considered by Hugo himself to be a precursor to his great work on social injustice, Les Misérables. (Adèle's biography inspired the movie The Story of Adele H.) His wife Adèle had died in 1868. [10] Victor moved in with his mother 18 rue des Petits-Augustins the following year and began attending law school. [9], On 10 July 1816, Hugo wrote in his diary: “I shall be Chateaubriand or nothing”. [42], Hugo's rationalism can be found in poems such as Torquemada (1869, about religious fanaticism), The Pope (1878, anti-clerical), Religions and Religion (1880, denying the usefulness of churches) and, published posthumously, The End of Satan and God (1886 and 1891 respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin and rationalism as an angel). Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: Berlioz and Liszt. Les Misérables proved popular enough with the masses that the issues it highlighted were soon on the agenda of the National Assembly of France. Les Voix intérieures, 1837 (Οι Εσωτερικές Φωνές) Les Rayons et les ombres, 1840 ... Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. The City of Paris has preserved his residences Hauteville House, Guernsey and 6, Place des Vosges as museums. ", Hugo's death from pneumonia on 22 May 1885, at the age of 83, generated intense national mourning. Today, Hugo's work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. I will see that instant until I die, Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame) was published in 1831 and quickly translated into other languages across Europe. Marburg 1988. Because of his concern for the rights of artists and copyright, he was a founding member of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, which led to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Hugo's passion and eloquence in his early work made him successful and famous at an early age. One of the effects of the novel was to shame the City of Paris into restoring the much-neglected Cathedral of Notre Dame, which was attracting thousands of tourists who had read the popular novel. A group of French scholars, particularly Etienne de Jouy, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed to delay Victor Hugo's election. He convinced the government of Queen Victoria to spare the lives of six Irish people convicted of terrorist activities and his influence was credited in the removal of the death penalty from the constitutions of Geneva, Portugal and Colombia. V.H. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet during the period 1848-1851. Hugo is venerated as a saint in the Vietnamese religion of Cao Dai.[11]. Foucher-Hugo Adèle, Victor Hugo raconté par Adèle Hugo, Plon, 1985, 861 p.. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1849–1885, Gallimard, 1972, 1014 pp.. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1870–1885, 529 p., International Alliance of Libertarian Parties, International Federation of Liberal Youth, Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, "Pairs de France : HUGO Marie-Victor, vicomte Hugo", "Victor Hugo: Les Misérables – From Page to Stage research guide", "Briefest Correspondence: Question Mark? [69], 19th-century French poet, novelist, dramatist and politician, Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux, Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon, On the role of E. de Jouy against V. Hugo, see. [17] Hugo's father was an officer. The critical establishment was generally hostile to the novel; Taine found it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Flaubert found within it "neither truth nor greatness," the Goncourts lambasted its artificiality, and Baudelaire - despite giving favorable reviews in newspapers - castigated it in private as "tasteless and inept." While in exile, Hugo published his famous political pamphlets against Napoleon III, Napoléon le Petit and Histoire d'un crime. The last phase of his political career is considered a failure. François-René de Chateaubriand, the famous Romantic writer, influenced Hugo during the early 1800s. At the time, Hugo was only twenty years old. Hugo returned to political and social issues in his next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), which was published in 1869 and painted a critical picture of the aristocracy. From there he became a non-practicing Catholic, and increasingly expressed anti-catholic views. He became a mentor to Victor and his brothers. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972. When Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, the country hailed him as a national hero. [65], Hugo gave free rein to his sensuality until a few weeks before his death. On the 27th one of the largest parades in French history was held. He was in Paris during the siege by the Prussian Army in 1870, famously eating animals given to him by the Paris Zoo. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day of a Condemned Man) had a big influence on later writers such as Albert Camus, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. He was in Paris during the siege by the Prussian army in 1870, famously eating animals given to him by the Paris zoo. Exclamation Mark! Adèle and Victor Hugo had their first child, Léopold, in 1823, but the boy died in infancy. Je refuse l'oraison de toutes les Églises. In his youth and under the influence of his mother, he identified as a Catholic and professed respect for Church hierarchy and authority. He published five more volumes of poetry (Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; and Les Rayons et les ombres, 1840) between 1829 and 1840. Hugo decided to live in exile after Napoleon III's coup d'état at the end of 1851. Les Djinns La maison des djinns (Hedley Churchward) Auteur Victor Hugo Pays France Genre Poésie Lieu de parution Paris Date de parution 1829 Série Les Orientales modifier Les Djinns est un poème de Victor Hugo , publié en août 1829 dans le recueil Les Orientales . Hugo took on the role of a maverick and got little done in the Senate. Hugo lived in France for most of his life. His poems were admired but it was his next collection, four years later in 1826 (Odes et Ballades) which revealed Hugo to be a great poet. [19] Thereafter, he became increasingly involved in French politics. Every inch and detail of the event was for Hugo; the official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Cosette's song in Les Misérables. Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in Besançon in Eastern France. He shares a crypt within the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas, père and Émile Zola. "The illustrious patient" was fully conscious and aware that there was no hope for him. ヴィクトル＝マリー・ユーゴー（仏: Victor-Marie Hugo 、1802å¹´ 2月26日 - 1885å¹´ 5月22日）は、フランス・ロマン主義の詩人、小説家。 七月王政時代からフランス第二共和政時代の政治家。 『レ・ミゼラブル』の著者として著名。 1959年から1965年まで発行されていた5フラン紙幣に肖像画が採用 … Though Hugo's popularity was on the decline at the time of its publication, many now consider Ninety-Three to be a work on par with Hugo's better-known novels. A few years before his birth, the Bourbon Dynasty was overthrown during the French Revolution. Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler ! Hugo first became famous in France because of his poetry, as well as his novels and his plays. On the deaths of his sons Charles and François-Victor, he insisted that they be buried without crucifix or priest, and in his will made the same stipulation about his own death and funeral. Hugo kept his artwork out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. The critical establishment was generally hostile to the novel; Taine found it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Gustave Flaubert found within it "neither truth nor greatness", the Goncourt brothers lambasted its artificiality, and Baudelaire – despite giving favourable reviews in newspapers – castigated it in private as "repulsive and inept". [3], In 1810 Hugo's father was created Count Hugo de Cogolludo y Sigüenza by then King of Spain Joseph Bonaparte,[4] though it seems that the Spanish title was not legally recognized in France. The latter played Beethoven in Hugo’s home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that thanks to Liszt’s piano lessons, he learned how to play a favourite song on the piano – even though only with one finger! Victor Hugo was the son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). Sometimes he would even toss in coffee or soot to get the effects he wanted. In the city of Edinburgh, Scotland there is a delicatessen named Victor Hugo Delicatessen, it was originally run by a French couple but was purchased in 2005. Although Napoleon III granted an amnesty to all political exiles in 1859, Hugo declined, as it meant he would have to curtail his criticisms of the government. The book also inspired a renewed appreciation for pre-renaissance buildings, which began to be actively preserved. She wrote some 20,000 letters in which she expressed her passion or vented her jealousy on her womanizing lover. vers le passé tournant un oeil d'envie, to indicate its success. "[31] Yet he made a point of offering his support to members of the Commune subjected to brutal repression. To honour the fact that he was entering his 80th year, one of the greatest tributes to a living writer was held. He was honoured by interment in the Panthéon. After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected to the Académie française in 1841, solidifying his position in the world of French arts and letters. Hugo began planning a major novel about social misery and injustice as early as the 1830s, but it would take a full 17 years for Les Misérables, to be realized and finally published in 1862. Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Ermitage Rock in an imaginary landscape"). Installments of the book sold out within hours and had enormous impact on French society. Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure, Sophie separated temporarily from her husband in 1803, as it was a difficult life. [12] Hernani announced the arrival of French romanticism: performed at the Comédie-Française, it was greeted with several nights of rioting as romantics and traditionalists clashed over the play's deliberate disregard for neo-classical rules. The Last Day of a Condemned Man published in 1829 analyses the pangs of a man awaiting execution; several entries of Things Seen (Choses vues), the diary he kept between 1830 and 1885, convey his firm condemnation of what he regarded as a barbaric sentence;[27] on 15 September 1848, seven months after the Revolution of 1848, he delivered a speech before the Assembly and concluded, "You have overthrown the throne. [8], Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo’s works from the 1800s until the present day. Additionally, Hugo's beautiful poems have attracted an exceptional amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based on his poetry by composers such as Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninoff, and Wagner.[49]. In particular, Hugo’s plays, in which he rejected the rules of classical theatre in favour of romantic drama, attracted the interest of many composers who adapted them into operas. [64], For more than seven years, Léonie d’Aunet, who was a married woman, was involved in a love relationship with Hugo. He finally settled with his family at Hauteville House in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, where he would live in exile from October 1855 until 1870. The school Lycée Victor Hugo was founded in his town of birth, Besançon in France. Outside of France, his novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (known in English also as The Hunchback of Notre Dame) are his most famous works. The Bourbon Monarchy was restored when Hugo was 17. All his life he remained a defender of liberty, equality and fraternity as well as an adamant champion of French culture. However, in Pauvert's published archives, he states strongly that "any work of art has two authors: the people who confusingly feel something, a creator who translates these feelings, and the people again who consecrate his vision of that feeling. I look continually at that moment of my life This was only shortly after her marriage. The house where he stayed in Vianden, Luxembourg, in 1871 has also become a commemorative museum. It also initially published only the first part of the novel ("Fantine"), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. "[28] His influence was credited in the removal of the death penalty from the constitutions of Geneva, Portugal, and Colombia. He shares a crypt within the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas and Émile Zola. They also reported from a reliable source that at one point in the night he had whispered the following Alexandrin, "En moi c’est le combat du jour et de la nuit" – "In me, this is the battle between day and night". ", Hugo & American Anti-Slavery Society 1860, "Victor Hugo's diary tells how Parisians dined on zoo animals", "Bicentenaire de Victor Hugo (1802–2002) – Sénat, French Government", "Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh. On 28 June, the city of Paris changed the name of the Avenue d'Eylau to Avenue Victor-Hugo. Les Misérables proved popular enough with the masses that the issues it highlighted were soon on the agenda of the French National Assembly. je ne l'ai plus ! C. Pulsoni, "L'orazione di Victor Hugo trasformata in musica". Superficially an adventure, one of Hugo's biographers calls it a "metaphor for the 19th century–technical progress, creative genius and hard work overcoming the immanent evil of the material world."[18]. The avenue where he died, in Paris, now bears his name. A Freethinker". [6] Although for various reasons the opera closed soon after its fifth performance and is little known today, it has been recently enjoying a revival, both in a piano/song concert version by Liszt at the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007[7] and in a full orchestral version to be presented in July 2008 at Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon. [44] He also greatly admired Beethoven, and rather unusually for his time, he also appreciated works by composers from earlier centuries such as Palestrina and Monteverdi. Quoi donc ! However, although Hugo believed Catholic dogma to be outdated and dying, he never directly attacked the institution itself. L'instant, pleurs superflus ! Hugo left five sentences as his last will, to be officially published: Je donne cinquante mille francs aux pauvres. Petri Liukkonen. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet between 1848 and 1851. Therefore, Hugo's early work, mainly in poetry, show him praising monarchism and faith. To honor the fact that he was entering his eightieth year, one of the greatest tributes to a living writer was held. First, he defended the cause of Romanticism. I have her no more!". Victor Marie Hugo fr: [v i k t ɔ ʀ m a ʀ i y g o], Wiktor Hugo (ur. Although Napoleon III granted an amnesty to all political exiles in 1859, Hugo declined, as it meant he would have to curtail his criticisms of the government. A mosaic commemorating Hugo is located on the ceiling of the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress. Marchers stretched from the Avenue d'Eylau, where the author was living, down the Champs-Élysées, and all the way to the centre of Paris. This page was last changed on 9 February 2021, at 05:36. Let those who have loved me love her. En plus de ces œuvres-clés de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, le roman social (et parfois en milieu rural) trouve sa place dans la littérature avec des textes de George Sand (Consuelo – 1842, -1846 La Mare au Diable, La Petite Fadette – 1849) et, plus tard, avec la grande fresque humaniste Victor Hugo, Les Misérables (1862). In this poem, he describes visiting her grave. Sophie found out that Leopold had been living in secret with an Englishwoman called Catherine Thomas. Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992). In Havana, Cuba, there is a park named after him. His mother, Sophie, went to Italy with her husband who was a governor of a province near Naples. Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972. As Hugo's father was an officer, the family moved frequently. claims he never completely recovered from it. Though the poems were admired for their spontaneous fervor and fluency, the collection that followed four years later in 1826 (Odes et Ballades) revealed Hugo to be a great poet, a natural master of lyric and creative song. He was only five at the time, but he remembered the trip well. In February 1815 Victor and Eugene were taken away from their mother and placed by their father in the Pension Cordier, a private boarding school in Paris, where Victor and Eugène remained three years while also attending lectures at Lycée Louis le Grand. For instance, in 2009, Italian composer Matteo Sommacal was commissioned by Festival "Bagliori d'autore" and wrote a piece for speaker and chamber ensemble entitled Actes et paroles, with a text elaborated by Chiara Piola Caselli after Victor Hugo's last political speech addressed to the Assemblée législative, "Sur la Revision de la Constitution" (18 July 1851),[51] and premiered in Rome on 19 November 2009, in the auditorium of the Institut français, Centre Saint-Louis, French Embassy to the Holy See, by Piccola Accademia degli Specchi featuring the composer Matthias Kadar.[52]. In 1819, Victor and his brothers began publishing a periodical called Le Conservateur littéraire.[11]. Marchers stretched from Avenue d'Eylau, down the Champs-Élysées, and all the way to the center of Paris. [35] On 14 July 1870 he planted the "oak of the United States of Europe" in the garden of Hauteville House where he stayed during his exile on Guernsey from 1856 to 1870. Vincent van Gogh ascribed the saying "Religions pass away, but God remains", actually by Jules Michelet, to Hugo. It is popular worldwide, has been adapted for cinema, television and stage shows. Hugo published his first novel in 1823 (Han d'Islande). In 1848, Hugo was elected to the National Assembly of the Second Republic as a conservative. This page was last edited on 25 February 2021, at 20:47. It also initially published only the first part of the novel (“Fantine”), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. He played an important part in the Romantic movement in France. Finally, he was forced into exile because of his political views. [39], After 1872, Hugo never lost his antipathy towards the Catholic Church. His last novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), published in 1874, was about a subject that Hugo had previously avoided: the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. "), 1866. They also went to Spain where Joseph governed three Spanish provinces. A group of French academicians, particularly Étienne de Jouy, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed to delay Victor Hugo's election. In 1877, aged 75, he wrote, "I am not one of these sweet-tempered old men. He took her on his numerous trips and she followed him in exile on Guernsey. [33], Victor Hugo, who said "A war between Europeans is a civil war",[34] was an enthusiastic advocate for the creation of the United States of Europe. Hugo Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, 2-07-036141-1, p. 257. Victor Hugo learned a lot from these travels. He had been in Brussels since 22 March 1871 when in the 27 May issue of the Belgian newspaper l’Indépendance Victor Hugo denounced the government's refusal to grant political asylum to the Communards threatened with imprisonment, banishment or execution. Both were caught in adultery on 5 July 1845.